Vedic Period (1500-500 BCE)
The earliest known references to music in ancient India can be found in the Vedas, the sacred texts of Hinduism. Music was an integral part of Vedic rituals and was believed to have a divine origin. The Samaveda, one of the four Vedas, contains hymns that were chanted in specific melodic patterns called “saman.”
Natyashastra (2nd century BCE to 2nd century CE)
The Natyashastra, written by the sage Bharata Muni, is a comprehensive treatise on performing arts, including music, dance, and drama. It codified the principles of Indian classical music and outlined the concept of raga (melodic framework) and tala (rhythmic cycle).
Gandharva Veda
According to ancient Indian texts, the Gandharva Veda was considered the source of all music and dance. It was believed to be divine knowledge imparted by celestial beings. Unfortunately, the original texts of Gandharva Veda have been lost, and much of our understanding comes from references in other ancient texts.
Musical Instruments
Ancient Indian music employed a wide range of musical instruments. Some of the notable instruments include the veena (plucked string instrument), sitar (plucked string instrument), mridangam (double-headed drum), tabla (pair of drums), bansuri (bamboo flute), and tanpura (a drone instrument).
Classical Music
The foundations of classical music in India were laid during the medieval period, but its roots can be traced back to ancient times. Ancient Indian classical music consisted of two major traditions: Hindustani music in the north and Carnatic music in the south. These traditions developed their own unique styles, ragas, and talas over time.
Raga and Tala
The concept of raga (melodic framework) and tala (rhythmic cycle) is central to Indian classical music. Ragas are specific melodic structures that evoke specific emotions and moods, while talas provide the rhythmic framework. Ancient treatises like the Natyashastra provided detailed guidelines on different ragas and talas.
Devotional Music
Bhakti (devotional) and Sufi traditions in ancient India gave rise to devotional music, which was characterized by heartfelt singing and chanting of religious poetry. This music was performed in temples, shrines, and during religious festivals.
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